基于住房价格的通勤碳排放空间分异——以济南市为例

住房价格能够影响居民的居住决策,进而影响其通勤碳排放。为研究住房价格与通勤碳排放的内在关系,构建住房价格影响个体通勤碳排放的理论模型,并利用“个体—街道”两水平线性模型,对济南市居民出行调查数据进行实证检验。研究发现：（1）通勤碳排放呈现出“中心低碳化、外围高碳化”,且外围趋于分化的空间格局。（2）住房价格通过虹吸效应影响居民的碳排放。具体表现为住房价格与碳排放负相关,外围低房价吸引居住者,而居住者的远程机动通勤导致外围高值碳排放;但住房价格的边际增碳程度随着远离市中心而先缓（距市中心 5 km）后增（距市中心5 km及以上）。（3）外围工资收入对虹吸效应起调节作用。工资水平较高的外围区域有利于实现职住平衡,抑制了虹吸效应,进而分化为碳排放的冷点区,工资水平较低的外围区域则分化为碳排放的热点区。研究认为,应通过多中心空间发展战略、提高居民的就业可达性、优化针对公租房的公共交通供给等措施,引导居民低碳通勤。     

不同水分管理模式对水稻吸收土壤砷的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了淹水灌溉(F)、灌浆期前湿润灌溉(A-F)、灌浆期后湿润灌溉(F-A)、淹水与湿润交替(AFA)这4种水分管理模式对水稻吸收土壤As的影响.结果表明,同F处理比较,A-F处理能显著降低水稻根和茎叶As含量,F-A和AFA处理都能显著降低水稻茎叶、谷壳、糙米As含量和糙米无机As含量.A-F、F-A、AFA处理对水稻生物量影响都不大,仅AFA处理减少了水稻根系生物量.F-A和AFA处理降低糙米As含量的机理是:灌浆期是水稻糙米吸收土壤As的关键时期,此时的湿润灌溉提高了土壤E h,土壤溶液As(Ⅲ)与As(Ⅴ)浓度之和、As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ)的比例都显著降低,从而使土壤As的迁移能力得到抑制.F-A处理降低水稻糙米总As和无机As含量的效果与AFA处理无显著差异,但F-A处理的操作更简单,因此,F-A处理应当是污染土壤中控制水稻糙米累积As的最佳水分管理模式.     

西方环保民间组织的发展及借鉴研究

在西方,环保民间组织作为环境保护的一支新兴力量发展已日趋成熟。文章简要阐述了西方环保民间组织的发展演化过程及概况,重点分析了与政府合作、与企业科研机构合作、与其他组织合作、与媒体合作等四种运行模式,总结了网络化、多样化、专业化、经济独立及名人效应等众多特点。最后在借鉴国外的经验基础上,中国应立足实际,充分发挥环保NGO这一组织的作用,开辟解决环境问题的新途径。     

事故发生的三种模式探讨

事故就是违背人的主观愿望而发生的意外事件 ,其结果是导致社会和人类经济上的巨大损失和伤害。然而各种事故的发生的形式似乎永远伴随着人类社会的发展而有所变化。笔者通过对事故数据的分析 ,从广义上将事故分为自然事故即自然灾害、随机事故和人为事故 3类。根据 3类事故的特点采用简单的数学方程进行描述 ,为事故发生可承受度 (即既最大风险值 )奠定理论基础。从科学的角度论述事故发生的必然性、随机性和可预防性以及不安全的绝对性和安全的相对性的辩证关系。同时提出了环境因子新概念 ,初步定义了高危行业的定量含义 ,为各类事故的预防提出了基本的相应对策。     

温度环境试验及其标准综述(一)温度对装备的影响及温度试验的重要性

阐述了温度试验在军工产品研制生产中的重要地位和用途,温度环境对装备的主要影响和典型故障模式;介绍了GJB 150/150A、HB 6167/6167A、GB/T 2423等我国主要军用、民用环境试验系列标准中包括的各种典型温度试验程序及其用途和模拟的环境;说明了各种典型试验程序规定或要求的温度试验各种特点和剪裁方法,并汇总列于一个表格中,以便于查阅,列出了温度试验标准中对温度试验箱和测试仪器仪表的要求,最后讨论了受试产品温度稳定、温度试验箱的选用,确保受试产品经受正确的温度条件、受试产品温度响应测量和温度试验中断处理等技术。本文分为四大部分:第一部分阐述温度对装备的影响、故障机理和温度试验的重要性;第二部分阐述了GJB150/150A、HB 6167/6167A和GB/T 2423等主要环境试验标准中的典型温度试验程序;第三部分详细说明了各种温度试验的试验温度和试验持续时间及其区别和剪裁方法;第四部分介绍了各种标准对温度试验设备的要求,温度试验设定点,确保试验温度准确施加和试验中断处理等温度试验技术。本文为其中第一部分。     

通风控制方式对动物粪便堆肥过程中氮、磷变化的影响

以动物园内的动物粪便和水杉落叶为原料,分别采用时间-温度联合控制(Ⅰ号堆体)、时间控制(Ⅱ号堆体)的强制通风控制方式进行堆肥试验,考察了2种强制通风控制方式对动物粪便堆肥过程中氮、磷元素变化的影响.研究结果表明,经过51d的堆肥化以后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ号堆体的NH4 -N平均含量分别从0.95 g·kg-1和0.78 g·kg-1下降到0.36 g·kg-1和0.62 g·kg-1,NO3--N平均含量分别从152mg·kg-1和120mg·kg-1增加到351 mg·kg-1和243 mg·kg-1.由于"浓缩效应",堆肥过程中TN、TP、速效磷的含量均有所增加,Ⅰ、Ⅱ号堆体的TN平均含量分别从16.05 g·kg-1和15.71 g·kg-1增加到19.70 g·kg-1和21.41 g·kg-1,TP平均含量分别从8.17 g·kg-1和8.23 g·kg-1增加到9.38 g·kg-1和9.62 g·kg-1,速效磷平均含量分别从1.83 g·kg-1和1.99 g·kg-1增加到2.81 g·kg-1和3.57 g·kg-1.统计分析结果表明,这2种强制通风控制方式对堆肥过程中速效磷含量变化有着显著的影响(p=0.002),但对其它指标(C/N比、NH4 -N、TN、NO3--N、TP)含量变化的影响却不显著(p＞0.05).     

扰动方式对太湖藻类胞外多糖浓度的影响

频繁的风浪扰动是影响大型浅水湖泊生态系统最重要环境因素之一.为了解风浪扰动对富营养化大型浅水湖泊——太湖蓝藻EPS（extracellular polysaccharide,胞外多糖）的影响,试验设置了对照组（不扰动）、间歇扰动组和持续扰动组3种处理组,研究扰动方式及理化因子对蓝藻EPS的影响.结果表明:①第1~7天,3种处理组之间的ρ（EPS）、ρ（sEPS）（soluble extracellular polysaccharide,溶解性胞外多糖）和ρ（bEPS）（bound extracellular polysaccharide,固着性胞外多糖）差异均不显著（P>0.05）;第10~19天,对照组的ρ（EPS）、ρ（sEPS）和ρ（bEPS）均显著低于间歇扰动组和持续扰动组（P < 0.05）;第19天,持续扰动组的ρ（sEPS）和ρ（bEPS）均显著高于间歇扰动组（P < 0.05）.②3种处理组的ρ（EPS）及单位藻细胞EPS含量与ρ（TDN）（TDN为溶解性总氮）及ρ（TDP）（TDP为溶解性总磷）均呈显著负相关;3种处理组的ρ（EPS）与ρ（SS）（SS为悬浮颗粒物）均呈显著正相关;此外,两个扰动组的ρ（EPS）均与藻细胞密度呈显著负相关.研究显示,扰动在一定程度上促进了蓝藻EPS的分泌.      

A reliability evaluation method based on the weakest failure modes for side-by-side offloading mooring system of FPSO

Offshore structures are complex systems, and numerous failure modes must be taken into consideration when reliability analysis in different loads and environment conditions are conducted on them. It is difficult to obtain structural system reliability with respect to complicated systems with numerous failure modes and dependency consideration among them. This paper applies the combination of the weakest failure modes theory with structural reliability theory to conduct reliability analysis on of side-by-side offloading mooring system of FPSO. Firstly, the numerical simulation of the system in different conditions is addressed to acquire the statistical data of time-history stress of components including hawsers, fenders and yoke, based on which, the reliability indexes of all the failure modes and correlation coefficient matrix are derived. Then the weakest failure modes, i.e. the representative failure modes that have significant impact on the system, are located through Probability Network Evaluation Technique. The probability of structural system is estimated through the weakest failure modes by considering the system as series. The analysis results indicate that two environment conditions (0°&0°&0° and 0°&30°&45° in combinations of wave, wind and current) are relative dangerous, which is in good correspondence with the practical expertise. The method is verified to be an effective and convenient evaluation approach for structural reliability analysis in terms of complex systems. It is beneficial for the identification of structure indicators from the weakest failure mode group and conduct optimum of structural system configurations in the design stage.     

Analyzing the relationships between travel mode indicators and the number of passenger transport fatalities at the city level

Objective: A number of efforts have been conducted on travel behavior and transport fatalities at the neighborhood or street level, and they have identified different factors such as roadway characteristics, personal indicators, and design indicators related to transport safety. However, only a limited number of studies have considered the relationship between travel behavior indicators and the number of transport fatalities at the city level. Therefore, this study explores this relationship and how to fill the mentioned gap in current knowledge.

Method: A generalized linear model (GLM) estimates the relationships between different travel mode indicators (e.g., length of motorway per inhabitants, number of motorcycles per inhabitant, percentage of daily trips on foot and by bicycle, percentage of daily trips by public transport) and the number of passenger transport fatalities. Because this city-level model is developed using data sets from different cities all over the world, the impacts of gross domestic product (GDP) are also included in the model.

Conclusions: Overall, the results imply that the percentage of daily trips by public transport, the percentage of daily trips on foot and by bicycle, and the GDP per inhabitant have negative relationships with the number of passenger transport fatalities, whereas motorway length and the number of motorcycles have positive relationships with the number of passenger transport fatalities.